Signs of the Quran script

An alif with a small ṣād on top. When you start reading from that word, say it as a hamza with a vowel; when you carry on from the word before, skip it.

A small upright alif above a letter is read as a long ā, just like a written alif.

A small wāw or yāʾ after the hāʾ of “him” or “his” lengthens its vowel to two counts.

A small round circle over a letter means it is not read at all. It often sits on the alif after a plural wāw.

A nūn or mīm with neither a vowel nor a sukūn has a sukūn all the same: it is left unmarked because it merges into or hides in the next letter, as in أَنتَ. The tajweed unit explains how to say it.

A wavy line over a letter means the long vowel is stretched beyond two counts. The lesson on madd explains how long.